施氮量对一年生黑麦草光合特性的影响

为了探究不同施氮量对一年生黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lamk.)光合特性的影响。本研究以‘特高’宽叶型一年生黑麦草为供试材料,采用盆栽试验,设置了4个处理组,分别为:CK对照组(不施肥)、C1低氮处理组(施鸡粪0.38 kg/m^2,即氮100 kg/hm^2)、C2中氮处理组(施鸡粪0.76 kg/m^2,即氮200 kg/hm^2)、C3高氮处理组(施鸡粪1.34 kg/m^2,即氮350 kg/hm^2)。利用Li-6400便携式光合仪测定开花期一年生黑麦草叶片的主要光合参数和光合特性的变化。结果表明:200 kg/hm^2施氮水平的表观量子效率(apparent quantum yield,AQY)和光饱和点(light saturation point,LSP)最高(分别为12.80 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和1 774.47 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),光能利用区间最大。350 kg/hm^2施氮水平下气孔导度(stomatal conductance,Gs)以及蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)显著低于其它处理,水分利用力(water use efficiency,WUE)强,但光呼吸速率(photorespiratory rate,Pr)较高,不利于干物质积累。同时,0?200 kg/hm^2施氮范围内,随着光照强度和CO2浓度的增加,各处理的净光合速率(net photosynthetic rate,Pn)均随之增加,但350 kg/hm^2施氮水平下叶片净光合速率的增加反而低于200 kg/hm^2施氮水平。合理的施氮量对黑麦草的光响应和CO2浓度响应曲线有明显的调节作用。在本试验条件下,施氮量为200 kg/hm^2最佳。     

鸡粪的施用对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响,本试验以薄皮甜瓜DX108为试验材料,以尿素为氮源的处理为对照(CK),研究了相同施氮量条件下,鸡粪与尿素配施(A)以及鸡粪(B)对甜瓜果实葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的影响,分析了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS,蔗糖合成与分解方向)、酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性。结果表明,与CK相比,B、A明显促进了果实中果糖、蔗糖及葡萄糖积累,尤其是显著增加了成熟果实中这3种糖的含量。相关性分析表明,CK的甜瓜果实蔗糖积累与AI活性呈显著负相关,葡萄糖与SPS和SS(蔗糖合成酶)合成方向酶活性呈显著正相关;A和B果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖积累(除B中葡萄糖积累)与SPS、NI活性呈显著或极显著正相关,与SS分解方向酶活性呈极显著负相关,而A果实中葡萄糖积累与SPS和NI活性呈极显著正相关。综上所述,A和B提高了果实中SPS、NI活性,降低了SS分解方向酶活性,进而促进了糖的积累。本研究结果为有机肥替代化学氮肥在甜瓜生产上的应用提供了理论依据。     

生乳储运条件对品质影响的探究

菌落总数是衡量生乳品质的重要指标之一。生乳中菌落总数基数越大,其品质越不稳定。但因为奶源产地等原因,生乳必须经过一段时间运输才能到达乳品企业进行生产,运输过程可能由于微生物繁殖导致生乳品质下降。试验选取菌落总数基数不同的两批生乳,通过在2~6 ℃和10~15 ℃条件下存放,模拟生乳在冷藏储运和脱冷储运状态下,分别储存24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h后进行菌落总数、酒精试验、酸度及脂肪酶活力检测。通过对比,找到生乳最佳储存温度和运输时间,为乳品企业和冷链运输提供参考。     

Cattle manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer application effects on soil hydraulic properties and maize yield of two soils of Murewa district,Zimbabwe

This study set out to determine the effects of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer application on the hydraulic properties and maize yield of a clay and sandy soil in a smallholder farming area of Zimbabwe. Four fields classified as homefields (HF: more fertile and closer to homesteads) and outfields (OF: less fertile and further from the homesteads) were selected on clay and sandy soil. They were subjected to four treatments, control (no fertility amendment), 5, 15 and 25 t/ha cattle manure + 100 kg/ha N (as ammonium nitrate) for 7 years. A two‐way randomized complete block design was used with fertility and field type as the two factors. Clay soil hydraulic properties, which included density of macropores with a diameter >300 μm, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, steady‐state infiltration rate, moisture retention under low suction and maize grain yield, were significantly improved (P < 0.05) by fertility management compared with the control and were generally comparable between the HF and OF. Fertility management significantly improved maize grain yield on sandy soils but did not enhance hydraulic parameters, thereby indicating poor responsiveness in structural build‐up. On the other hand, significantly different hydraulic parameters between the sandy soil HF and OF suggested effects of other factors not related to soil fertility and field type treatments. We therefore concluded that application of a high rate (25 t/ha) of cattle manure and inorganic N‐fertilizer is beneficial for fertility restoration to the degraded OFs with associated comparable hydraulic properties on HFs and OFs on clay soil, unlike on sandy soil.     

Optimisation of fertiliser rates in crop production against energy use indicators

Optimising mineral nitrogen (N) use in crop production is inevitable target as mineral fertilisers reflect one of the highest inputs both in terms of economy and energy. The aim of the study was to compare the relationship between the rate of N fertiliser application and different measures of energy parameters exemplary data for spring-wheat in boreal climate condition in Estonia in 2006–2010. The effect of mineral N with rates 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ was studied on the background of composted cow manure and without organic fertilisers. Univalent parameters, energy gain (EG) (energy output − energy input) and energy ratio (ER) (energy output/energy input) were calculated. To aggregate parameters with different units (ER and EG) we proposed two standardisation approaches for combined indices. ER maximisation gave both organic fertilisation background optimum N norms significantly lower than EG (p < 0.05) optimisation. Both the new combined indices gave optimum N norms in between the rate of ER an EG. Composted cow manure background did not affect mineral N optimisation significantly. We suggest optimisation of mineral N according to bi-dimensional parameters as they capture important features of production efficiency and are more objective using as advisory tool for sustainable production systems.     

稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比筛选

【目的】以腐殖质组成特征为评价依据,筛选稻草与牛粪混合腐解的最佳配比,为两类农业固体废弃物的资源化应用提供参考。【方法】以稻草和牛粪为材料,采用室内培养法,研究稻草与牛粪质量比为10∶0(Rs),9∶1(Rd1),7∶3(Rd2),5∶5(Rd3),3∶7(Rd4),1∶9(Rd5)和0∶10(Dm)混合腐解90 d,各处理水溶性物质(WSS)、可提取腐殖酸(HE)、胡敏酸(HA)、胡敏素(Hu)组分的有机碳含量(依次表述为C_(WSS)、C_(HE)、C_(HA)、C_(Hu)),以及胡敏酸碱溶液E_4/E_6、腐殖化系数(C_(HA)/C_(FA))的动态变化,筛选稻草与牛粪腐解的最佳配比。【结果】与0 d相比,在腐解完成(90 d)后,各处理C_(WSS)含量均有不同程度降低,相比于稻草,牛粪腐解后更易促进微生物对C_(WSS)的利用,使其下降86.2%;Rd2和Rd5处理使物料C_(HE)含量分别增加10.2%和28.6%,其余处理C_(HE)均有不同程度消耗;与0 d相比,腐解完成后,Rd1、Rd3和Dm处理均有助于C_(HA)的积累,其中牛粪腐解更易促进C_(HA)的形成,使其增加30.5%。在各处理下,物料HA分子均先发生降解、脂族化,而后逐渐缩合、芳香化,但HA分子结构仍趋于简单;在促进HA分子脂族化方面,Rd4处理的优势最大,而Dm处理更有利于HA结构的稳定。Rd3处理在促进腐殖质品质方面的贡献最大,其次为Rd1处理,Dm和Rs处理次之,但Rd2和Rd5处理不利于腐殖质品质的改善;Rs、Rd1、Rd2、Rd3和Rd4处理在腐解过程中更有利于C_(Hu)的分解,且Rd3处理的优势最大,使C_(Hu)含量下降91.0%,而牛粪比例≥90%更有助于C_(Hu)的累积。【结论】稻草与牛粪按照质量比5∶5混合腐解,易促进C_(Hu)的分解和C_(HA)的积累,利于腐殖质品质提升。     

猪粪施用量对红壤旱地理化性质及酶活性的影响

为研究猪粪的合理施用及其对红壤旱地地力提升的效应,利用在第四纪红壤旱地中连续3年分别施用0、7.5、15、30、45 t·hm~(-2)猪粪的小区定位试验,比较不同处理下菠菜和玉米地上部生物量、土壤相关理化性质、碳氮磷循环相关酶活性的差异。结果表明:菠菜和玉米地上部生物量、土壤有机质、土壤全量和速效态氮磷钾含量均随猪粪施用量的增加呈线性增加。当猪粪施用量达45 t·hm~(-2)时菠菜、玉米平均地上部生物量分别达到11.48、20.84 t·hm~(-2),土壤有机质和全氮、全磷含量分别达14.6、1.07、0.73 g·kg~(-1),土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别达85.47、106.9、411.7 mg·kg~(-1),但与猪粪施用量为15和30t·hm~(-2)时土壤养分含量的差异不显著,而土壤中与碳氮磷循环相关的6种酶活性则与猪粪施用量呈线性相关,且在施用量为30或45t·hm~(-2)时出现显著差异;6种酶活性与土壤有机质、养分含量间均具有显著或极显著正相关关系。研究结果显示,第四纪红壤旱地在本试验猪粪施用量范围内,土壤有机质和养分含量、酶活性等指标均随施用量的增加而相应提高,作物地上部生物量亦呈线性增加,但同时须注意土壤速效态养分含量过高可能带来的氮磷流失加剧等问题。     

绿肥翻压后减肥和基施控释肥对烟叶产质量和土壤肥力的影响

为研究绿肥（豌豆）翻压后合理施用肥料问题,采用田间小区试验,在翻压绿肥的基础上通过减少基肥用量和控释肥代替部分基肥,研究其对烟叶产量、产值和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压可以提高低有机质土壤（有机质含量<10 g/kg）的有机质含量,对其他土壤化学性质无显著影响;绿肥翻压后将基肥减少15%和30%对烟叶产量、产值无显著影响,对烟叶化学成分无明显影响。在减少15%基肥后,将剩余基肥的50%以控释肥代替,可以显著提高烟叶产量和产值,提高烟叶钾含量和钾/氯比,改善烟叶品质。